Underwater photogrammetry in low visibility environments for ecological characterization and biomonitoring: preliminary findings

Andrea Sabino
1,2*
Alessandro Bergamasco
1
Fabrizio Bernardi Aubry
1
Marta Cosma
3
Sandra Donnici
3
Irene Guarneri
1
Giuseppe Pessa
4
Luigi Tosi
3
Annamaria Volpi Ghirardini
2
Marco Sigovini
1
1
, CNR-ISMAR, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto di Scienze Marine, Arsenale Tesa 104, Castello 2737F, Venezia, VE - 30122, Italia
2
Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca’ Foscari University Venice, Via Torino 155, Venezia, VE - 30172, Italia
3
, CNR-IGG, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse, , Area territoriale di Ricerca di Padova, Corso Stati Uniti 4, Padova, PD - 35127, Italia
4
, Gruppo Sommozzatori Caorle, Via Sansonessa 83, Caorle, VE - 30021, Italia

Photogrammetry has become an increasingly popular tool for the characterization and mapping of underwater habitats in the last decade. Compared to other methodologies, it is cost-effective, non-destructive and allows for repeatable high-resolution measurements. Ecological and morphological information regarding epibentic underwater communities can be extracted from high-resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), orthoimages and 3D models created from photographs. This study aims at assessing the potential of underwater photogrammetry in low visibility environments, with three main objectives: 1) to analyze the structure of epibenthic assemblages, 2) to perform a general characterization of the whole benthic habitat, and 3) to carry out an evaluation of environmental quality within the framework of bioindication and biomonitoring techniques.  The investigations were carried out on various coastal environments of the Northern Adriatic, with particular focus on bio-geogenic outcrops scattered throughout the Northern Adriatic seabed, locally known as “tegnùe” or “trezze”. Photogrammetric surveys were carried out between 2022 and 2025. The main study areas were located in Tegnùe di Porto Falconera SAC, near Caorle (Venice) with depth ranging from 6 to 10 m. Specific protocols were developed to apply the method to low-visibility conditions. A purpose-designed multi-camera rig was used to widen the overall image footprint over the seabed.  High-resolution models (0.5 mm/pix) of large areas (5000 m2) were built with the collected data, representative of the different facies of the outcrops. In order to test approaches and tools for the ecological analyses of the dataset, a few representative sub-areas were selected. Distribution, abundance and diversity of conspicuous epibenthic organisms were assessed through semi-automatic segmentation and classification pipelines.  Preliminary evaluations of the ecosystem status based on biotic indices were attempted. Overall, this methodology can efficiently assess changes within communities and habitats over time even in limited visibility conditions, representing a valid and cost-effective monitoring tool.

Ecologia del Paesaggio ed analisi spaziale degli ecosistemi
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