Earthworms play a crucial role in soil ecosystems, contributing significantly to belowground biomass and mediating key soil biogeochemical processes. Due to their limited dispersal capacity and strong dependence on soil microclimatic conditions, they are particularly sensitive to changes in habitat suitability. In this study, we assessed the combined effects of soil temperature, pH, nutrient availability, and land use on annelid richness across 1,583 sites in Europe. Richness data were extracted from Phillips et al. (2021), a global database of local earthworm diversity. Generalized Linear Models were applied to investigate both large-scale environmental drivers and land-use-specific interactions. Our results showed that annelid richness increased with higher soil pH but declined with rising maximum temperatures of the warmest month, indicating potential vulnerability to future warming. Land use significantly influenced richness patterns. Woodlands appeared to buffer temperature effects, supporting higher richness under warming conditions, while in other land-use categories, increasing temperatures had a negative impact on richness. Additionally, nutrient imbalances (N:P ratio) negatively affected richness in pastures. These findings underscore the importance of integrating both abiotic factors and land management practices into conservation strategies for soil biodiversity under climate change scenarios.