Anthropogenic noise is increasingly recognized as an environmental disturbance with significant implications for biodiversity and ecosystem processes. While its effects on individual organisms—such as altered behavior and physiology—have been well documented, how these impacts scale to broader ecological levels remains less understood. This systematic review compiles findings from 154 publications encompassing 1,321 case studies to evaluate how noise pollution affects populations, communities, habitats, and ecosystems across various taxa and habitat types. The analysis reveals a strong research focus on terrestrial settings, especially urban, forest, and grassland environments, with a pronounced taxonomic bias favouring birds. In contrast, taxa such as amphibians, reptiles, invertebrates, and aquatic species are considerably underrepresented. The literature is also geographically and temporally biased, with a majority of studies conducted in Europe and North America and over relatively short durations, limiting insights into long-term trends and generalisability. Most investigations concentrated on population and community-level metrics—such as changes in abundance, fitness, species richness, and diversity—while impacts at the habitat and ecosystem levels have been largely overlooked. Moreover, 61% of the studies relied on indirect noise indicators instead of direct acoustic measurements, potentially compromising the accuracy of exposure assessments. Despite these limitations, 45% of the case studies reported detrimental effects linked to noise exposure, particularly in marine systems where sound plays a fundamental ecological role. The findings highlight the urgent need for more comprehensive taxonomic and geographic representation, standardized methodologies for noise assessment, longer-term monitoring, and greater attention to higher levels of ecological organization to better understand and mitigate the ecological consequences of anthropogenic noise.