Coastal dunes represent ecologically rich yet fragile environments, demanding improved indicators for effective biodiversity assessment. While moths are increasingly acknowledged as bioindicators, their distribution and diversity within dune ecosystems are still insufficiently explored. This study investigates the taxonomic and functional diversity of moths belonging to the superfamily Noctuoidea on changing abiotic factors such as dune zonation and biotic components like plant communities, within a well-conserved dune system on the Adriatic coast of Central Italy. Research was conducted at a European Long-Term Ecosystem Research (eLTER) site using UV LEDs light traps to sample moths biweekly over the course of a year across replicated plots in both zones of zonation: the shifting dunes subject to strong environmental stressors and the fixed dunes less exposed to abiotic perturbations. Simultaneously, plant surveys were performed in spring using 4 × 4 m plots under a stratified random sampling framework based on dune zonation. We analyzed species richness, abundance distributions, and functional traits for both moths and plants across different dune environments. Furthermore, we assessed the degree of congruence in species composition and abundance variations between the zones. The moth assemblage included 98 species (78 Noctuidae, 18 Erebidae, 1 Nolidae, and 1 Notodontidae). Our results showed that the noctuoid assemblages exhibit distinct patterns of species richness and abundance across seasons. High beta diversity and the occurrence of species confined to specific dune zones point to the significance of both abiotic and biotic filters in structuring moth communities on the coastal-inland mosaic. Trait-based and diversity analyses revealed strong ecological associations between moth and plant communities, indicating structural and functional alignment across dune zones. Our findings highlight the importance of preserving the integrity of dune zonation to maintain functional and taxonomic biodiversity of noctuoid moths and their role as reliable indicators of ecological conditions in dune ecosystems.