Human activities are a major driver of biodiversity loss yet understanding how economic activities contribute to ecological degradation remains a challenge. The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) identifies five direct drivers of biodiversity loss: land and sea use change, direct exploitation of organisms, climate change, pollution and invasive alien species. However, translating these drivers into quantification of biodiversity loss remains a key limitation. This study aims to develop an integrated and spatially explicit framework to trace the pathways linking economic activities to biodiversity loss. Economic activities are grouped into macro-sectors according to the ecosystem types they affect and linked to IPBES drivers. These drivers are translated into pressure indicators that characterize the intensity and spatial distribution of anthropogenic pressures. Subsequently, the framework evaluates how these pressures may influence ecosystem conditions, reflecting changes in the state of natural capital and the capacity of ecosystem assets to sustain ecological functions. Ecological sensitivity is incorporated to account for ecosystem vulnerability and response capacity, recognizing that pressures may generate different ecological responses depending on environmental conditions. Changes in ecosystem conditions are translated into biodiversity impacts, enabling the identification of pathways through which economic activities may contribute to biodiversity loss. Biodiversity impacts are also considered in relation to ecosystem services provision, highlighting how biodiversity degradation may reduce the capacity of ecosystems to deliver benefits upon which human well-being and economic activities depend. By linking economic activities, anthropogenic pressures, ecosystem condition and biodiversity impacts within a single assessment framework, the proposed approach enables an integrated understanding of the mechanisms through which biodiversity loss may arise. The framework provides a methodological basis for biodiversity loss assessment to support sustainability reporting and biodiversity-related decision-making. It also highlights that safeguarding biodiversity is essential for maintaining ecosystem services that underpin the productivity, resilience and sustainability of economic systems.