Kelp falling in the deep: characterization, mapping and food fall potential of mesophotic Laminaria ochroleuca forest on the Madeira Desertas Ridge (NE Atlantic)

Gennaro Ucciero
1,2,3*
Julian B. Stauffer
4
Marco Volpato
6
Jan Dierking
4
Thomas Hansen
4
Joao Canning Clode
7
Andrew K. Sweetman
5
Simonetta Fraschetti
2,3
Henk-Jan T. Hoving
4
1
DISTEM, Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi, Palermo, PA - 90123, Italia
2
Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via cinthia, Napoli, NA - 80126, Italia
3
NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina, Palermo, PA - 90123, Italia
4
GEOMAR, elmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, Kiel, - 24105, Germania
5
SAMS, Scottish Association for Marine Science,, -, Dunbeg, - -, Regno Unito
6
Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Padova, Padova, Padova, - 35131, Italia
7
MARE, arine and Environmental Sciences Centre / Regional Agency for the Development of Research, Technology and Innovation (ARDITI), Funchal, Madeira, - 9020-105, Portogallo

In contrast to continuous background flux of marine snow, episodic food falls deliver concentrated pulses of carbon that nourish communities in food-limited environments. Macroalgal detachment represents an understudied food-fall pathway. The deep kelp forest of Laminaria ochroleuca on the Madeira Desertas Ridge is unique, as it grows at 72-91 m depth under exceptional water clarity. Understanding the extent and potential as a blue carbon source of this forest is important for evaluating the ecosystem value of Madeira waters. This is particularly true since the forest sits directly above bathyal depths exceeding 1000 m, making it a potential source of episodic organic carbon to the deep sea. We combined in situ observations from remotely operated vehicles (ROV) and towed cameras, orthomosaic photogrammetry, and physical sampling to quantify the spatial extent, density, and carbon stock of the Madeira kelp forest, and assessed its potential as a carbon source for the bathyal benthos. In total, 1500 living kelp plants were counted along a 12114 m^2 orthomosaic built from 21 video transects over the kelp forest. 54 detached kelp plants were observed below 200 m on six video transects (XOFOS and ROV). No scavenging fauna was observed on the kelp. Using area and kelp food fall calculation as well as carbon content analysis of detached dead kelp specimens we estimate a carbon flux of 0.25 mg C m−2 d−1 from the living forest to the deep slopes. Although this flux suggests a relatively minor role of kelp in vertical carbon transport, it is a direct express pathway of vegetal carbon from the mesophotic zone to the adjacent deep sea. This path is facilitated by the proximity of the forest to bathyal depths and the steep slopes of the Madeiran Archipelago.

Ecosistemi, biodiversità e cambiamento climatico
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